Mippedia - Recent changes [en]

Sun

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:12:16 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:12, 4 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:Star at the center of the Solar System}}		{{SHORTDESC:Star at the center of the Solar System}}
	{{Infobox astronomical body		{{Infobox astronomical body
	\| Name = Sun		\| Name = Sun

File:Sun.jpg

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:12:04 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Sun.jpg

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== Licensing ==
{{Information/PD }}

Template:Infobox astronomical body/doc

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:11:21 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox astronomical body''' template is used to summarize technical data for stars, planets, moons, or other astronomical objects. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox astronomical body | Name = | image = | image_caption = | Type = | Spectral_class = | Distance_from_Earth = | Mass = | Surface_temp = | Age = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The name of the astronomical object (e.g., Sun, Earth, Mars). * '''image''': The image filename wi..."

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== Usage ==
The '''Infobox astronomical body''' template is used to summarize technical data for stars, planets, moons, or other astronomical objects.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox astronomical body
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| Type =
| Spectral_class =
| Distance_from_Earth =
| Mass =
| Surface_temp =
| Age =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The name of the astronomical object (e.g., Sun, Earth, Mars).
* '''image''': The image filename without the "File:" prefix.
* '''image_caption''': A brief description of the image.
* '''Type''': The classification of the body (e.g., Main-sequence star, Terrestrial planet).
* '''Spectral_class''': Stellar classification (for stars only, e.g., G2V). Leave blank for planets/moons.
* '''Distance_from_Earth''': Average distance from Earth.
* '''Mass''': The mass of the object (usually in kg, Earth masses, or Solar masses).
* '''Surface_temp''': The average surface temperature.
* '''Age''': Estimated age of the object.

<includeonly>
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Infobox astronomical body

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:11:04 GMT

Created page with "<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;"> {{#if: {{{Name|}}} | <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #ffd700; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption> }} {{#if: {{{image|}}} | <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;"> File:{{{ima..."

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<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;">

{{#if: {{{Name|}}}
| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #ffd700; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
}}

{{#if: {{{image|}}}
| <tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|center|alt={{{image_caption|}}}]]
{{#if: {{{image_caption|}}}
| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
}}
</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Type|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top;">Type</th>
<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 55%;">{{{Type}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Spectral_class|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Spectral class</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Spectral_class}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Distance_from_Earth|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Distance from Earth</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Distance_from_Earth}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Mass|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Mass</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Mass}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Surface_temp|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Surface temp.</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Surface_temp}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Age|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Age</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Age}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

</table><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Sun

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 02:10:36 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Star at the center of the Solar System}} {{Infobox astronomical body | Name = Sun | image = Sun.jpg | image_caption = Sun | Type = G-type main-sequence star (Yellow dwarf) | Spectral_class = G2V | Distance_from_Earth = ~149.6 million km (1 AU) | Mass = ~1.9885 × 10<sup>30</sup> kg | Surface_temp = ~5,500 °C (5,778 K) | Age = ~4.6 billion years }} The '''Sun''' is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a massive, nea..."

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{{SHORTDESC:Star at the center of the Solar System}}
{{Infobox astronomical body
| Name = Sun
| image = Sun.jpg
| image_caption = Sun
| Type = G-type main-sequence star (Yellow dwarf)
| Spectral_class = G2V
| Distance_from_Earth = ~149.6 million km (1 [[Astronomical unit|AU]])
| Mass = ~1.9885 × 10<sup>30</sup> kg
| Surface_temp = ~5,500 °C (5,778 K)
| Age = ~4.6 billion years
}}

The '''Sun''' is the [[star]] at the center of the [[Solar System]]. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot [[plasma]], heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating energy primarily as visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation. It is the most important source of energy for life on [[Earth]]. The Sun's diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers (864,000 miles), and its mass accounts for roughly 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.

== Composition and Structure ==
The Sun is categorized as a G-type main-sequence star (G2V). Chemically, about three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists of '''[[hydrogen]]''' (~73%), with the rest being mostly '''[[helium]]''' (~25%). The remaining quantities consist of heavier elements, including [[oxygen]], [[carbon]], [[neon]], and [[iron]].

The Sun is structured into distinct layers, which from the center outward include:
1. '''The Core''': The innermost region (comprising about 20-25% of the Sun's radius) where temperature and pressure are high enough to sustain nuclear fusion.
2. '''Radiative Zone''': Thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer in this zone.
3. '''Convective Zone''': Energy is transported outward through convection columns of hot plasma.
4. '''Photosphere''': The visible surface of the Sun.
5. '''Atmosphere''': The gaseous halo above the photosphere, comprising the chromosphere, the transition region, and the extremely hot [[stellar corona|corona]].

== Nuclear Fusion and Energy ==
The core of the Sun generates energy through [[nuclear fusion]], primarily via the proton–proton chain reaction, a process that converts hydrogen into helium. Every second, the Sun fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen.

The fundamental reaction of the proton-proton chain can be expressed as:
$$4 \ ^1\text{H} \rightarrow \ ^4\text{He} + 2\text{e}^+ + 2\nu_e + \text{energy}$$

During this fusion process, a tiny fraction of the mass is converted into an immense amount of energy, which propagates outward through the layers of the Sun before escaping into space as electromagnetic radiation.

== Life Cycle ==
Formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a large [[molecular cloud]], the Sun is currently roughly halfway through its main-sequence stage.

It is estimated that the Sun will remain in the main sequence for another 5 billion years. Once the hydrogen in its core is exhausted, the Sun will undergo dramatic changes, expanding into a [[red giant]]. During this phase, it will engulf the inner planets, likely including Earth. Afterward, it will shed its outer layers to form a [[planetary nebula]], leaving behind a dense, cooling core known as a [[white dwarf]].

== See Also ==
* [[Solar flare]]
* [[Solar wind]]
* [[Sunspot]]
* [[Heliophysics]]

== References ==

[[id: Matahari]]

[[Category:The Sun| ]]
[[Category:G-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Palm

Admin — Fri, 04 Sep 2026 01:59:15 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Central region of the anterior part of the hand}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Palm | image = Right_hand.png | image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand, showing flexion creases. | System = Integumentary system, Musculoskeletal system | Bones = 5 metacarpal bones | Muscles = Thenar and hypothenar muscles, lumbricals | Nerves = Median nerve, ulnar nerve }} The '''palm''' (anatomically known as the '''palmar''' or '''volar''' re..."

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{{SHORTDESC:Central region of the anterior part of the hand}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Palm
| image = Right_hand.png
| image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand, showing flexion creases.
| System = [[Integumentary system]], [[Musculoskeletal system]]
| Bones = 5 [[metacarpal bones]]
| Muscles = Thenar and hypothenar muscles, lumbricals
| Nerves = [[Median nerve]], [[ulnar nerve]]
}}

The '''palm''' (anatomically known as the '''palmar''' or '''volar''' region) is the central area of the anterior part of the human [[hand]]. It extends from the [[wrist]] (carpus) to the base of the fingers (digits). The palm is highly specialized to withstand friction and mechanical pressure, serving as the primary contact surface for gripping and manipulating objects.

== Integumentary Features ==
The skin of the palm exhibits several distinct anatomical traits that differentiate it from the skin covering most of the human body:
* '''Glabrous Skin''': The palm is entirely hairless (glabrous), lacking hair follicles altogether.
* '''Absence of Sebaceous Glands''': There are no oil-producing sebaceous glands on the palm.
* '''High Sweat Gland Density''': To compensate for the lack of oil and to aid in grip friction, the palm possesses an exceptionally high concentration of eccrine sweat glands.
* '''Palmar Creases''': The surface is marked by deep, permanent lines known as palmar flexion creases. These creases develop in the womb around the 12th week of gestation. They act as "hinges," allowing the thick skin of the palm to fold efficiently when the hand forms a fist, preventing the skin from bunching up clumsily.

== Underlying Anatomy ==
Beneath the dense skin and subcutaneous fat lies a complex structural framework:
* '''Palmar Aponeurosis''': A thick, highly resilient triangular layer of deep fascia in the center of the palm. It anchors the skin and firmly protects the underlying tendons, nerves, and blood vessels from high-pressure grips.
* '''Muscular Eminences''': The contour of the palm is defined by two fleshy muscular mounds. The '''thenar eminence''' is located at the base of the [[thumb]] and controls its intricate movements. The '''hypothenar eminence''' is situated at the base of the little finger.
* '''Skeletal Base''': The structural foundation of the palm consists of five long bones called the [[metacarpus|metacarpals]].

== Cultural Significance and Pseudoscience ==
Culturally, an open palm is a nearly universal gesture signifying peace, sincerity, and non-threat, historically used to prove that one is unarmed.

The palm is also the focus of '''palmistry''' (chiromancy), a pseudoscientific practice rooted in antiquity. Palm readers claim to divine an individual's character traits, health, and future by interpreting the lengths and intersections of the major palmar creases (such as the "life line" and "heart line"). There is no empirical scientific evidence supporting these claims.

== See Also ==
* [[Dermatoglyphics]]
* [[Fingerprint]]
* [[Hand]]

== References ==

[[id: Telapak tangan]]

[[Category:Hand]]
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
[[Category:Integumentary system]]

Left hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 23:08:54 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:08, 3 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:The left-sided human hand, dominant in roughly 10 percent of the population}}		{{SHORTDESC:The left-sided human hand, dominant in roughly 10 percent of the population}}
	{{Infobox anatomy		{{Infobox anatomy
	\| Name = Left hand		\| Name = Left hand

File:Left hand.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 23:08:42 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Left hand.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Left hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 23:04:18 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:The left-sided human hand, dominant in roughly 10 percent of the population}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Left hand | image = Left_hand.jpg | image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human left hand. | System = Musculoskeletal system, Nervous system | Bones = 27 bones (identical to the right hand) | Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles | Nerves = Motor control via the right Cerebral hemisphere }} The '''left hand''' is the anatomically lef..."

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{{SHORTDESC:The left-sided human hand, dominant in roughly 10 percent of the population}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Left hand
| image = Left_hand.jpg
| image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human left hand.
| System = [[Musculoskeletal system]], [[Nervous system]]
| Bones = 27 bones (identical to the right hand)
| Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles
| Nerves = Motor control via the right [[Cerebral hemisphere]]
}}

The '''left hand''' is the anatomically left-sided prehensile appendage of the human body. While structurally a mirror image of the [[right hand]], the left hand is primarily known for being the dominant hand for only a minority of the global population (approximately 10%), a phenomenon known as [[left-handedness]].

== Neurological Basis ==
Human motor control operates on a contralateral framework. Therefore, the fine motor skills and gross movements of the left hand are controlled by the primary motor cortex located in the '''right''' hemisphere of the [[Brain|brain]].

In left-handed individuals, the left hand exhibits superior dexterity, precision, and strength compared to the right. While the right hemisphere controls the left hand, neurological studies have shown that left-handed individuals often have a more bilateral distribution of cognitive functions (such as language processing) across both hemispheres, contrasting with the heavy left-hemisphere lateralization typically seen in right-handed people.

== Cultural History and Stigma ==
Historically, the left hand has been subjected to significant cultural prejudice. Because left-handedness is atypical, early human societies often associated the left hand with clumsiness, deviance, or bad luck.
* '''Hygiene and Taboos''': In many Islamic, Hindu, and traditional African cultures, the left hand is strictly designated for personal hygiene tasks (such as washing after defecation). Consequently, using the left hand to eat, shake hands, or pass items is considered highly offensive and unclean.
* '''Linguistic Prejudice''': The historical stigma is deeply embedded in etymology. The Latin word for left is ''sinister'', which evolved in English to mean evil or ominous. The French word for left is ''gauche'', which in English means socially awkward or tactless. The Italian word is ''mancino'', derived from "crooked" or "maimed".

== Modern Challenges and Advantages ==
Because approximately 90% of the world is right-handed, everyday tools and environments are systematically designed for right-hand dominance, creating ergonomic challenges for left-handed people. Common issues include using standard [[scissors]] (which obscure the cutting line when held in the left hand), writing in spiral notebooks, and smudging ink when writing in languages that flow from left to right.

However, the left hand provides a distinct strategic advantage in many interactive [[sports]]. In disciplines like [[boxing]] (where a left-hander is known as a ''southpaw''), [[tennis]], [[fencing]], and [[baseball]], left-handed athletes often have an edge. This is because right-handed competitors are statistically less accustomed to defending against attacks originating from the left side.

== See Also ==
* [[Handedness]]
* [[Right hand]]
* [[Lateralization of brain function]]
* [[Southpaw stance]]

== References ==

[[id: Tangan kiri]]

[[Category:Hand| Left]]
[[Category:Laterality]]
[[Category:Left-handedness]]

Right hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:53:52 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 3 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:The right-sided human hand, dominant in the majority of the population}}		{{SHORTDESC:The right-sided human hand, dominant in the majority of the population}}
	{{Infobox anatomy		{{Infobox anatomy
	\| Name = Right hand		\| Name = Right hand

File:Right hand.png

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:52:54 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Right hand.png

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Right hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:52:28 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:52, 3 September 2026
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	{{Infobox anatomy		{{Infobox anatomy
	\| Name = Right hand		\| Name = Right hand
	\| image = ~~Right_hand_palm~~.~~jpg~~		\| image = Right_hand.png
	\| image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand.		\| image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand.
	\| System = [[Musculoskeletal system]], [[Nervous system]]		\| System = [[Musculoskeletal system]], [[Nervous system]]

Right hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:49:48 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:The right-sided human hand, dominant in the majority of the population}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Right hand | image = Right_hand_palm.jpg | image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand. | System = Musculoskeletal system, Nervous system | Bones = 27 bones (identical to the left hand) | Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles | Nerves = Motor control via the left Cerebral hemisphere }} The '''right hand''' is the anatomically r..."

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{{SHORTDESC:The right-sided human hand, dominant in the majority of the population}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Right hand
| image = Right_hand_palm.jpg
| image_caption = The palmar aspect of a human right hand.
| System = [[Musculoskeletal system]], [[Nervous system]]
| Bones = 27 bones (identical to the left hand)
| Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles
| Nerves = Motor control via the left [[Cerebral hemisphere]]
}}

The '''right hand''' is the anatomically right-sided prehensile appendage of the human body. While structurally a mirror image of the [[left hand]], the right hand holds distinct neurological, evolutionary, and profound sociological significance, primarily because it serves as the dominant hand for approximately 90% of the global human population.

== Neurological Basis of Right-Handedness ==
Human motor control operates on a '''contralateral''' basis. This means that the intricate movements of the right hand are directed by the primary motor cortex located in the '''left''' hemisphere of the [[Brain|brain]].

Evolutionary biologists and neuroscientists theorize that right-hand dominance (laterality) is closely linked to the lateralization of brain functions. In most humans, the neural circuitry responsible for speech and language processing (such as [[Broca's area]]) is localized in the left hemisphere. It is hypothesized that as early humans evolved complex tool use, the left hemisphere became specialized for both fine motor sequences (predominantly executed by the right hand) and the sequential motor tasks required for complex vocalizations.

== Cultural and Societal Norms ==
Because right-handedness is the overwhelming human default, global cultures and physical environments have historically been designed around its use. The right hand carries deep symbolic weight representing purity, correctness, and authority.
* '''Etiquette and Hygiene''': In many Middle Eastern, African, and Asian cultures—particularly within Islamic and Hindu traditions—the right hand is strictly reserved for "clean" activities such as eating, cooking, and social greetings.
* '''Oaths and Pledges''': Originating from ancient customs to demonstrate that one was not holding a weapon, raising the right hand is a universal gesture used when swearing oaths in courts of law, taking the oath of office, or reciting pledges.
* '''Military Salutes''': The standard military salute worldwide is performed almost exclusively with the right hand.

== Etymology and Linguistics ==
The historical bias towards the right hand is heavily embedded in linguistics. The English word ''right'' means both a physical direction and something that is morally correct or true.

Furthermore, the Latin word for "right" is ''dexter''. This root gave rise to the English word '''[[Dexterity]]''', which means manual skill or physical cleverness. Conversely, the Latin word for left (''sinister'') evolved to mean something evil or ominous in modern English, highlighting the historical societal prejudice against left-handedness.

== See Also ==
* [[Handedness]]
* [[Left-handedness]]
* [[Lateralization of brain function]]
* [[Cross-dominance]]

== References ==

[[id:Tangan kanan]]

[[Category:Hand| Right]]
[[Category:Laterality]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:43:01 GMT

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:43, 3 September 2026
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	== References ==		== References ==
	~~{{reflist}}~~
			[[id:Tangan]]

	[[Category:Hand\| ]]		[[Category:Hand\| ]]

File:Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:42:36 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:42:08 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:42, 3 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:Prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm}}		{{SHORTDESC:Prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm}}
	{{Infobox anatomy		{{Infobox anatomy
	\| Name = Hand		\| Name = Hand
	\| image = Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg		\| image = Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg

Template:Infobox anatomy/doc

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:40:56 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox anatomy''' template provides a quick, structured overview of anatomical structures in humans or animals. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox anatomy | Name = | image = | image_caption = | System = | Bones = | Muscles = | Nerves = | Arteries = | Veins = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The standard anatomical name (e.g., Hand, Heart, Eye). * '''image''': The filename of the anatomical diagram or photo. * '''image_caption''': A br..."

New page

== Usage ==
The '''Infobox anatomy''' template provides a quick, structured overview of anatomical structures in humans or animals.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| System =
| Bones =
| Muscles =
| Nerves =
| Arteries =
| Veins =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The standard anatomical name (e.g., Hand, Heart, Eye).
* '''image''': The filename of the anatomical diagram or photo.
* '''image_caption''': A brief descriptive caption.
* '''System''': The biological system it belongs to (e.g., Musculoskeletal system, Cardiovascular system).
* '''Bones''': The primary articulating or structural bones.
* '''Muscles''': The main muscle groups involved.
* '''Nerves''': The primary nerves providing motor or sensory innervation.
* '''Arteries''': The main arteries providing blood supply.
* '''Veins''': The main veins handling venous return.

<includeonly>
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Infobox anatomy

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:40:42 GMT

Created page with "<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;"> {{#if: {{{Name|}}} | <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #e0e0e0; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption> }} {{#if: {{{image|}}} | <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;"> File:{{{ima..."

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<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;">

{{#if: {{{Name|}}}
| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #e0e0e0; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
}}

{{#if: {{{image|}}}
| <tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|center|alt={{{image_caption|}}}]]
{{#if: {{{image_caption|}}}
| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
}}
</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{System|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 40%; vertical-align: top;">System</th>
<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 60%;">{{{System}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Bones|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Bones</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Bones}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Muscles|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Muscles</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Muscles}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Nerves|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Nerves</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Nerves}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Arteries|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Arteries</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Arteries}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Veins|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Veins</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Veins}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

</table><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Hand

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:40:24 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Hand | image = Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg | image_caption = Adult human hands, demonstrating the palmar (left) and dorsal (right) aspects. | System = Musculoskeletal system | Bones = 27 bones (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges) | Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles | Nerves = Median nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve | Arteries = Radial artery..."

New page

{{SHORTDESC:Prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Hand
| image = Human-Hands-Front-Back.jpg
| image_caption = Adult human hands, demonstrating the palmar (left) and dorsal (right) aspects.
| System = [[Musculoskeletal system]]
| Bones = 27 bones (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges)
| Muscles = Intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles
| Nerves = Median nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve
| Arteries = Radial artery, ulnar artery
}}

A '''hand''' is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the distal end of the [[forearm]] or forelimb of [[primate]]s such as humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. Anatomically, it is one of the most mechanically complex structures in the human body, engineered to execute both powerful grips and highly intricate, fine motor movements.

The evolution of the human hand is inextricably linked to the evolutionary trajectory of the human species itself. The advent of [[bipedalism]] freed the hands from locomotory duties, allowing early [[hominin]]s to use them exclusively for manipulation. This biomechanical shift was a primary catalyst for tool creation, which subsequently drove the rapid expansion of the hominin [[brain]].

== Anatomy and Biomechanics ==
The human hand is a marvel of biological engineering, comprising a highly coordinated network of bones, articulations, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves.

=== Skeletal Structure ===
The structural framework of the human hand consists of '''27 bones''', categorized into three distinct regions:
* '''[[Carpal bones]] (Carpus)''': The wrist is composed of 8 irregularly shaped bones arranged in two rows. They serve as a flexible bridge between the hand and the radius and ulna of the forearm.
* '''[[Metacarpal bones]] (Metacarpus)''': 5 long bones that form the structural foundation of the palm.
* '''[[Phalanx bone|Phalanges]]''': 14 bones comprising the digits. Each finger contains three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), with the notable exception of the [[thumb]] (pollex), which contains only two (proximal and distal).

=== Musculature ===
The mechanical movement of the hand relies on a dual-muscle system:
1. '''Extrinsic Muscles''': Located in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, these muscles attach to the fingers via long [[tendon]]s. They are responsible for generating forceful, gross motor movements, such as a strong power grip.
2. '''Intrinsic Muscles''': Located entirely within the hand itself (e.g., the thenar and hypothenar eminences). These muscles facilitate fine motor skills, allowing for the precise and delicate manipulation of small objects.

=== Innervation ===
The hand is densely innervated, making the fingertips some of the most highly sensitive areas of the human body. Three main nerves serve the hand:
* '''[[Median nerve]]''': Supplies sensory innervation to the palmar side of the thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger.
* '''[[Ulnar nerve]]''': Supplies the little finger and the remaining half of the ring finger.
* '''[[Radial nerve]]''': Primarily provides sensory innervation to the dorsal (back) aspect of the hand.

== Evolutionary Significance ==
The defining biomechanical feature of the primate hand is the '''opposable thumb'''. The saddle joint at the base of the human thumb allows it to rotate and be brought into direct opposition with the pads of the other four fingers. This evolutionary refinement grants humans the ability to execute two fundamental functional grips:
* '''Precision grip''': Holding an object between the tips of the thumb and fingers (essential for writing or threading a needle).
* '''Power grip''': Wrapping the fingers and thumb completely around an object to maximize force (essential for wielding a hammer or an axe).

== Neurological Representation ==
In neuroscience, the sheer importance of the hand is illustrated by the '''[[Cortical homunculus]]'''. In both the motor and somatosensory cortices of the brain, the topographical area dedicated to controlling the hands and processing sensory input from the fingers is disproportionately massive compared to the areas controlling the rest of the arms or the torso.

Additionally, humans exhibit strong [[Handedness|laterality]], or handedness. Approximately 90% of the global human population is right-handed, a trait that is believed to be linked to the lateralization of language centers in the left hemisphere of the brain.

== See Also ==
* [[Ambidexterity]]
* [[Dermatoglyphics]] (Fingerprints)
* [[Gestures]]
* [[Human anatomy]]
* [[Sign language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hand| ]]
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
[[Category:Upper limb anatomy]]
[[Category:Primate anatomy]]

Tiger

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:39:55 GMT

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	{{SHORTDESC:Largest living cat species, member of the genus Panthera}}		{{SHORTDESC:Largest living cat species, member of the genus Panthera}}
	{{Infobox animal		{{Infobox animal
	\| Name = Tiger		\| Name = Tiger

File:Tiger.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:39:44 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Tiger.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Tiger

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:39:22 GMT

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	{{Infobox animal		{{Infobox animal
	\| Name = Tiger		\| Name = Tiger
	\| image = ~~Panthera tigris tigris~~.jpg		\| image = Tiger.jpg
	\| image_caption = ~~A Bengal tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') resting in Ranthambore National Park, India.~~		\| image_caption = Tiger
	\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]		\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
	\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]		\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]

Tiger

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:36:03 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Largest living cat species, member of the genus Panthera}} {{Infobox animal | Name = Tiger | image = Panthera tigris tigris.jpg | image_caption = A Bengal tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') resting in Ranthambore National Park, India. | Kingdom = Animalia | Phylum = Chordata | Class = Mammalia | Order = Carnivora | Family = Felidae | Genus = ''Panthera'' | Species = '''''P. tigris''''' | Scientific_name = ''Panthera tigris''<br>(Carl..."

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{{SHORTDESC:Largest living cat species, member of the genus Panthera}}
{{Infobox animal
| Name = Tiger
| image = Panthera tigris tigris.jpg
| image_caption = A Bengal tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') resting in Ranthambore National Park, India.
| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
| Phylum = [[Chordata]]
| Class = [[Mammalia]]
| Order = [[Carnivora]]
| Family = [[Felidae]]
| Genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
| Species = '''''P. tigris'''''
| Scientific_name = ''Panthera tigris''<br>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
}}

The '''tiger''' (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living [[cat]] species and a prominent member of the genus ''[[Panthera]]''. It is most recognizable for its dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. As an [[apex predator]], it primarily preys on ungulates, such as [[deer]] and [[wild boar]]. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its prey requirements and rearing of its offspring.

Historically, the tiger ranged widely from the Eastern [[Anatolia]] region in the west to the [[Amur River]] basin in the east, and in the south from the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] to [[Bali]] in the Sunda Islands. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and large areas of Southeast and South Asia.

== Taxonomy and Evolution ==
The tiger's closest living relatives are the [[lion]], [[leopard]], and [[jaguar]], all of which are classified under the genus ''Panthera''.

In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group of the [[IUCN]] revised feline taxonomy. Based on extensive genetic and morphological studies, they recognized only two valid tiger subspecies:
* '''Continental tiger''' (''Panthera tigris tigris''): Comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South China, Siberian, and the extinct Caspian tiger populations.
* '''Sunda tiger''' (''Panthera tigris sondaica''): Endemic to the Greater Sunda Islands. This includes the surviving [[Sumatran tiger]] and the extinct [[Javan tiger]] and [[Bali tiger]].

== Physical Characteristics ==
Tigers have muscular bodies with powerful forelimbs, large heads, and tails that are about half the length of their bodies. They exhibit significant [[sexual dimorphism]], with males consistently larger and heavier than females. The [[Siberian tiger]] is considered the largest of the subspecies, with adult males weighing over 300 kg (660 lb), while the Sumatran tiger is the smallest, with males weighing around 100–140 kg (220–310 lb).

The tiger's unique stripe pattern functions as [[camouflage]], acting as disruptive coloration that helps them remain undetected in tall grass and forest undergrowth. Much like human fingerprints, no two tigers have the exact same stripe pattern.

Unlike most other cat species, tigers have a strong affinity for water. They are excellent swimmers and are frequently observed cooling off in ponds, lakes, and rivers during the heat of the day.

== Behavior and Ecology ==

=== Hunting and Diet ===
Tigers are ambush predators. They hunt primarily at night (nocturnal), relying on their exceptional sight and hearing. When hunting large prey, tigers typically bite the throat and use their powerful forelimbs to hold onto the struggling animal, causing death by asphyxiation. Their diet consists mainly of medium to large-sized ungulates, including chital, sambar deer, and wild water buffalo, though they are known to opportunistically hunt smaller prey or even juvenile elephants and rhinos.

=== Social Structure ===
Tigers are solitary, maintaining large territories marked by scent (urine and anal gland secretions) and visual signals (scratching on trees). A male's territory is typically larger and overlaps with the territories of several females. Female tigers raise their cubs alone. The gestation period is approximately 104 days, yielding a litter of two to four cubs.

== Conservation ==
The tiger is listed as '''Endangered''' on the [[IUCN Red List]]. As of 2015, the global wild tiger population was estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 mature individuals.

The survival of the tiger is severely threatened by:
* '''Poaching''': Driven largely by the illegal demand for tiger body parts (particularly bones, pelts, and claws) used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] and as status symbols.
* '''Habitat Destruction''': Deforestation for agriculture, logging, and human settlement has severely fragmented tiger habitats, leading to isolated populations and restricted genetic flow.
* '''Human-Tiger Conflict''': As natural prey populations decline and human populations expand into forest peripheries, tigers often prey on livestock, resulting in retaliatory killings by farmers.

== See Also ==
* [[Tiger conservation]]
* [[Big cat]]
* [[Endangered species]]
* [[Keystone species]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[id: Harimau]]

[[Category:Tigers| ]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Endangered species]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]

Big cat

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:28:39 GMT

References

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	== References ==		== References ==
	~~{{reflist}}~~
			[[id:Kucing besar]]

	[[Category:Big cats\| ]]		[[Category:Big cats\| ]]

File:Lion.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:28:16 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Lion.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Big cat

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:27:51 GMT

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	{{Infobox animal group		{{Infobox animal group
	\| Name = Big cat		\| Name = Big cat
	\| image = ~~Big_Cats_collage~~.jpg		\| image = Lion.jpg
	\| image_caption = ~~A montage~~ of ~~four ''Panthera''~~ species ~~capable of roaring:~~ the ~~[[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Leopard]], and [[Jaguar]]~~.		\| image_caption = The lion is an example of a species in the big cat category.
	\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]		\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
	\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]		\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]

Template:Infobox animal group/doc

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:25:33 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox animal group''' template is utilized to display biological and taxonomic classifications for informal groupings, genus-level groups, or subfamilies of related animal species. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox animal group | Name = | image = | image_caption = | Kingdom = | Phylum = | Class = | Order = | Family = | Subfamily = | Main_genus = | Key_members = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The common name of the animal group (..."

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== Usage ==
The '''Infobox animal group''' template is utilized to display biological and taxonomic classifications for informal groupings, genus-level groups, or subfamilies of related animal species.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox animal group
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| Kingdom =
| Phylum =
| Class =
| Order =
| Family =
| Subfamily =
| Main_genus =
| Key_members =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The common name of the animal group (e.g., Big cat, Bird of prey).
* '''image''': The filename of the image without the "File:" or "Image:" prefix.
* '''image_caption''': A brief, descriptive visual caption.
* '''Kingdom''': Biological kingdom (typically Animalia).
* '''Phylum''': Biological phylum (e.g., Chordata).
* '''Class''': Biological class (e.g., Mammalia, Reptilia).
* '''Order''': Biological order.
* '''Family''': The overarching biological family.
* '''Subfamily''': The specific subfamily (optional).
* '''Main_genus''': The primary genus associated with this group (italicized, e.g., ''Panthera'').
* '''Key_members''': A list of the most prominent or defining species within the group (e.g., Tiger, Lion, Jaguar).

<includeonly>
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Infobox animal group

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:25:16 GMT

Created page with "<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;"> {{#if: {{{Name|}}} | <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #c3d69b; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption> }} {{#if: {{{image|}}} | <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;"> File:{{{ima..."

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{{#if: {{{Name|}}}
| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #c3d69b; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
}}

{{#if: {{{image|}}}
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|center|alt={{{image_caption|}}}]]
{{#if: {{{image_caption|}}}
| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
}}
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{{#if: {{{Kingdom|}}}
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<th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6c3; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Scientific classification</th>
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<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 40%; vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</th>
<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 60%;">{{{Kingdom}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{Phylum|}}}
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<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</th>
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{{#if: {{{Class|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Class}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{Order|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Order}}}</td>
</tr>
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{{#if: {{{Family|}}}
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<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Family}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{Subfamily|}}}
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<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Subfamily:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Subfamily}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{Main_genus|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Main genus:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Main_genus}}}</td>
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{{#if: {{{Key_members|}}}
| <tr>
<th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6c3; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Key Members</th>
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<td colspan="2" class="infobox-data" style="text-align: center;">{{{Key_members}}}</td>
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{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Big cat

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:24:53 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Informal classification for large, wild felines}} {{Infobox animal group | Name = Big cat | image = Big_Cats_collage.jpg | image_caption = A montage of four ''Panthera'' species capable of roaring: the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, and Jaguar. | Kingdom = Animalia | Phylum = Chordata | Class = Mammalia | Order = Carnivora | Family = Felidae | Subfamily = Pantherinae (primarily) | Main_genus = ''Panthera'' | Key_members = ..."

New page

{{SHORTDESC:Informal classification for large, wild felines}}
{{Infobox animal group
| Name = Big cat
| image = Big_Cats_collage.jpg
| image_caption = A montage of four ''Panthera'' species capable of roaring: the [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Leopard]], and [[Jaguar]].
| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
| Phylum = [[Chordata]]
| Class = [[Mammalia]]
| Order = [[Carnivora]]
| Family = [[Felidae]]
| Subfamily = [[Pantherinae]] (primarily)
| Main_genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
| Key_members = [[Tiger]], [[Lion]], [[Jaguar]], [[Leopard]], [[Snow leopard]]
}}

The term '''big cat''' is an informal, non-scientific classification utilized to describe the large, wild species of the family [[Felidae]]. Strictly speaking, the designation is restricted to the five living species of the genus ''[[Panthera]]'': the [[tiger]], [[lion]], [[jaguar]], [[leopard]], and [[snow leopard]]. With the exception of the snow leopard, all members of this genus share a distinct morphological trait: the ability to roar.

In broader, more colloquial contexts, the definition of a "big cat" is often expanded to include other substantial felids that belong to the subfamily [[Felinae]], most notably the [[cougar]] (puma) and the [[cheetah]]. Regardless of their specific taxonomic placements, these animals share common ecological roles as [[Apex predator|apex predators]], positioned at the top of the [[food web]] and playing critical roles in maintaining the health and equilibrium of their respective habitats.

== Phylogeny and Evolution ==
The evolutionary lineage of the Felidae is broadly split into two extant subfamilies:
* '''[[Pantherinae]]''': This subfamily diverged from the main felid line approximately 6 to 10 million years ago. It encompasses the "true" big cats (genus ''Panthera'') and the clouded leopards (genus ''[[Neofelis]]'').
* '''[[Felinae]]''': This subfamily includes small to medium-sized cats, such as the [[Domestic cat|domestic cat]], bobcats, and lynxes, as well as the unusually large cougar and cheetah.

Fossil evidence, such as the discovery of ''Panthera blytheae'' in the Himalayas, suggests that the Pantherinae lineage originated in Central Asia before radiating across the globe.

== The ''Panthera'' Species ==
The strict definition of big cats includes five majestic species:
* '''[[Tiger]]''' (''Panthera tigris''): The largest extant cat species. It is characterized by dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur. Tigers are highly solitary and occupy diverse habitats across Asia, from Siberian temperate forests to tropical mangroves.
* '''[[Lion]]''' (''Panthera leo''): The most sexually dimorphic and highly social of all wild cat species. They live in matriarchal family units called "prides." Lions predominantly inhabit the savannas of Sub-Saharan [[Africa]], with a small, critically endangered pocket existing in [[India]].
* '''[[Jaguar]]''' (''Panthera onca''): The only extant ''Panthera'' species native to the [[Americas]]. It possesses a stocky build and exceptionally powerful jaws, capable of piercing the shells of turtles and the skulls of crocodilians.
* '''[[Leopard]]''' (''Panthera pardus''): Known for its adaptability, the leopard boasts the widest distribution of any wild cat, spanning Africa and vast swathes of Asia. They are renowned for their strength, often hoisting heavy carcasses into trees to evade [[Scavenger|scavengers]].
* '''[[Snow leopard]]''' (''Panthera uncia''): Adapted to the harsh, freezing environments of the mountain ranges in Central and South Asia. Unique among the ''Panthera'' species, the snow leopard cannot roar.

== Vocalization Anatomy: Roaring vs. Purring ==
The anatomical mechanism behind vocalization is a primary distinguishing factor among felids.

The ability to roar is facilitated by a specialized modification of the [[Hyoid bone|hyoid apparatus]]. In roaring cats (lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars), the epihyal bone is replaced by a highly elastic ligament. This fibrous tissue stretches, effectively elongating the vocal tract and allowing the thick vocal folds to produce deep, low-frequency, and immensely powerful sounds. A lion's roar, utilized for territorial marking, can carry over 8 kilometers (5 miles) in the open savanna.

Conversely, species within the Felinae subfamily—along with the snow leopard—possess a fully ossified (rigid) hyoid bone. While this prevents them from roaring, it enables them to purr continuously on both inhalation and exhalation. True big cats can only produce a chuffing or pseudo-purring sound during exhalation.

== Conservation and Threats ==
Big cats face unprecedented threats in the modern era, resulting in rapidly declining global populations. The [[IUCN Red List]] categorizes several big cat species and subspecies as '''Endangered''' or '''Critically Endangered'''.

The primary anthropogenic threats include:
* '''Habitat Destruction''': Rapid agricultural expansion and urbanization have led to severe [[habitat fragmentation]], isolating populations and reducing genetic diversity.
* '''Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade''': Big cats are heavily poached for their pelts, bones, and other body parts, which are highly sought after in traditional medicine and as luxury trophies.
* '''Human-Wildlife Conflict''': As their natural prey diminishes and habitats shrink, big cats often hunt livestock, leading to retaliatory killings by local pastoralists.

== See Also ==
* [[Saber-toothed cat]]
* [[Panthera hybrid]]
* [[Keystone species]]
* [[Obligate carnivore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Big cats| ]]
[[Category:Panthera]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Mammals]]

Cat

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	{{SHORTDESC:Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}}		{{SHORTDESC:Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}}
	{{Infobox animal		{{Infobox animal
	\| Name = Domestic cat		\| Name = Domestic cat

File:Cat.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:09:51 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Cat.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Cat

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:09:24 GMT

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	{{Infobox animal		{{Infobox animal
	\| Name = Domestic cat		\| Name = Domestic cat
	\| image = Cat ~~poster 1~~.jpg		\| image = Cat.jpg
	\| image_caption = ~~A collage demonstrating the phenotypic diversity of the domestic cat (''Felis catus'').~~		\| image_caption = Cat
	\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]		\| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
	\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]		\| Phylum = [[Chordata]]
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	The '''cat''' (scientific name: ''Felis catus''), commonly referred to as the '''domestic cat''' or '''house cat''', is a small, [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] [[mammal]] belonging to the family [[Felidae]]. It is the only domesticated species within this family. Advances in archeology and [[Genetics\|genetics]] have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. They are highly valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt [[Rodent\|rodents]] and household pests.		The '''cat''' (scientific name: ''Felis catus''), commonly referred to as the '''domestic cat''' or '''house cat''', is a small, [[carnivore\|carnivorous]] [[mammal]] belonging to the family [[Felidae]]. It is the only domesticated species within this family. Advances in archeology and [[Genetics\|genetics]] have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. They are highly valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt [[Rodent\|rodents]] and household pests.

	Anatomically, the domestic cat possesses a strong, flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its highly developed sensory system, which includes excellent night vision and a highly acute sense of hearing, makes it an apex micro-predator in its immediate environment.		Anatomically, the domestic cat possesses a strong, flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its highly developed sensory system, which includes excellent night vision and a highly acute sense of hearing, makes it an apex micro-predator in its immediate environment.

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==

Template:Infobox animal/doc

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:05:28 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox animal''' template is used to display the scientific classification (taxobox) of animal species in a structured, easy-to-read table format. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox animal | Name = | image = | image_caption = | Kingdom = | Phylum = | Class = | Order = | Family = | Genus = | Species = | Scientific_name = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The common English name of the animal (e.g., Domestic cat, Tiger, African elephan..."

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== Usage ==
The '''Infobox animal''' template is used to display the scientific classification (taxobox) of animal species in a structured, easy-to-read table format.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox animal
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| Kingdom =
| Phylum =
| Class =
| Order =
| Family =
| Genus =
| Species =
| Scientific_name =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The common English name of the animal (e.g., Domestic cat, Tiger, African elephant).
* '''image''': The filename of the main image without the "File:" or "Image:" prefix.
* '''image_caption''': A brief, descriptive caption for the image.
* '''Kingdom''': Biological kingdom (typically Animalia).
* '''Phylum''': Biological phylum (e.g., Chordata).
* '''Class''': Biological class (e.g., Mammalia, Reptilia).
* '''Order''': Biological order (e.g., Carnivora).
* '''Family''': Biological family (e.g., Felidae).
* '''Genus''': The genus of the animal (should be italicized, e.g., ''Felis'').
* '''Species''': The specific species name (should be italicized, e.g., ''F. catus'').
* '''Scientific_name''': The full binomial nomenclature, optionally including the discovering authority and year (e.g., ''Felis catus'' Linnaeus, 1758).

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</includeonly>

Template:Infobox animal

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:05:09 GMT

Created page with "<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;"> {{#if: {{{Name|}}} | <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #d3d3a4; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption> }} {{#if: {{{image|}}} | <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;"> File:{{{ima..."

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{{#if: {{{Name|}}}
| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #d3d3a4; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
}}

{{#if: {{{image|}}}
| <tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|center|alt={{{image_caption|}}}]]
{{#if: {{{image_caption|}}}
| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
}}
</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Kingdom|}}}
| <tr>
<th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6c3; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Scientific classification</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 40%; vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</th>
<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 60%;">{{{Kingdom}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Phylum|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Phylum:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Phylum}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Class|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Class:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Class}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Order|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Order}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Family|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Family}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Genus|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Genus}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Species|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Species:</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Species}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Scientific_name|}}}
| <tr>
<th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6c3; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Binomial name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="infobox-data" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">{{{Scientific_name}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

</table><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Cat

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:04:50 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}} {{Infobox animal | Name = Domestic cat | image = Cat poster 1.jpg | image_caption = A collage demonstrating the phenotypic diversity of the domestic cat (''Felis catus''). | Kingdom = Animalia | Phylum = Chordata | Class = Mammalia | Order = Carnivora | Family = Felidae | Genus = ''Felis'' | Species = '''''F. catus''''' | Scientific_name = ''Felis catus''<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) }}..."

New page

{{SHORTDESC:Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}}
{{Infobox animal
| Name = Domestic cat
| image = Cat poster 1.jpg
| image_caption = A collage demonstrating the phenotypic diversity of the domestic cat (''Felis catus'').
| Kingdom = [[Animalia]]
| Phylum = [[Chordata]]
| Class = [[Mammalia]]
| Order = [[Carnivora]]
| Family = [[Felidae]]
| Genus = ''[[Felis]]''
| Species = '''''F. catus'''''
| Scientific_name = ''Felis catus''<br>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
}}

The '''cat''' (scientific name: ''Felis catus''), commonly referred to as the '''domestic cat''' or '''house cat''', is a small, [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[mammal]] belonging to the family [[Felidae]]. It is the only domesticated species within this family. Advances in archeology and [[Genetics|genetics]] have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. They are highly valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt [[Rodent|rodents]] and household pests.

Anatomically, the domestic cat possesses a strong, flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its highly developed sensory system, which includes excellent night vision and a highly acute sense of hearing, makes it an apex micro-predator in its immediate environment.

== Etymology ==
The origin of the English word ''cat'', first attested in [[Old English]] as ''catt'', is thought to be derived from the [[Late Latin]] word ''cattus'', which was used in the 6th century. The Late Latin word is likely a loanword from an Afro-Asiatic language, possibly from the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] ''šau'', meaning "tomcat", or its feminine form ''tšau''.

== Taxonomy and Evolution ==
The domestic cat is a member of the family Felidae, a group that had a common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago. Modern phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that all domestic cats are descendants of the [[African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica'').

The domestication process is considered to have been mutually beneficial (a [[commensalism|commensal]] relationship). As early human civilizations developed [[agriculture]] during the [[Neolithic Revolution]], grain stores attracted large numbers of rodents. This concentration of prey naturally attracted wildcats into human settlements, leading to gradual tameness and eventual domestication.

== Anatomy and Physiology ==

=== Skeleton and Musculature ===
Cats have 230 to 250 bones. Unlike humans, cat [[Clavicle|collarbones]] are free-floating and attached only by muscle, not bone. This anatomical quirk allows them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head. They also feature an extremely flexible spine, which contributes to the "cat righting reflex"—the innate ability to orient themselves dynamically in mid-air and land on their feet.

=== Senses ===
* '''Vision''': Cats have exceptional night vision. A reflective layer behind their retina, called the ''[[tapetum lucidum]]'', absorbs and reflects light back through the eye. This allows them to see in light levels roughly one-sixth of what a human needs.
* '''Hearing''': The hearing range of the domestic cat is remarkably broad. They can hear frequencies up to 64 kHz, which is in the ultrasonic range and allows them to detect the high-pitched squeaks of small rodents.
* '''Smell''': A cat's sense of smell is highly developed. They also possess a [[vomeronasal organ]] (Jacobson's organ) located in the roof of the mouth, which allows them to "taste" specific scents and pheromones in the air.

== Diet and Ecology ==
Cats are '''obligate carnivores''', meaning their physiology is strictly adapted to process a meat-based diet. Unlike omnivores, they lack the specific enzymes required to synthesize essential amino acids, such as [[taurine]] and arginine, from plant materials. A deficiency in taurine can lead to severe health issues, including [[macular degeneration]] (blindness) and fatal heart conditions.

Because of their highly effective hunting skills, free-ranging and feral cats are considered a major threat to global biodiversity. They have been implicated in the extinction of numerous bird, mammal, and reptile species, particularly on isolated islands, and are listed among the world's most damaging [[invasive species]].

== Behavior and Sociality ==
While wildcats are strictly solitary, domestic cats can be highly social and often form feral colonies when resources (such as food and shelter) are abundant.

Cats communicate using a vast repertoire of vocalizations, including the purr, trill, hiss, growl, and the iconic meow. Interestingly, adult cats rarely meow at each other; this vocalization is an evolutionary adaptation developed almost exclusively to communicate with humans. [[Body language]], such as the position of the ears and the movement of the tail, plays a crucial role in feline communication.

== Interactions with Humans ==
The relationship between humans and cats is ancient and profound. In [[Ancient Egypt]], cats were venerated and associated with the goddess [[Bastet]], often being mummified to accompany their owners into the afterlife. Today, the domestic cat is one of the most widespread pets globally. Selective breeding has resulted in numerous recognized [[cat breeds]], ranging from the hairless [[Sphynx cat|Sphynx]] to the massive, heavily coated [[Maine Coon]].

== See Also ==
* [[Dog]]
* [[List of cat breeds]]
* [[Feral cat]]
* [[Zoonosis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[id:Kucing]]

[[Category:Cats| ]]
[[Category:Domesticated animals]]
[[Category:Mammals]]
[[Category:Invasive animal species]]
[[Category:Felids]]

Water

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:54:37 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:54, 3 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:Chemical substance vital for all known forms of life}}		{{SHORTDESC:Chemical substance vital for all known forms of life}}
	{{Infobox chemical compound		{{Infobox chemical compound
	\| Name = Water		\| Name = Water

File:Water drop.webp

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:54:14 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Water drop.webp

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Water

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:53:47 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:53, 3 September 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
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	{{Infobox chemical compound		{{Infobox chemical compound
	\| Name = Water		\| Name = Water
	\| image = Water drop ~~001~~.~~jpg~~		\| image = Water drop.webp
	\| image_caption = A drop of [[water]] splashing onto a liquid surface, demonstrating its high surface tension and fluid dynamics.		\| image_caption = A drop of [[water]] splashing onto a liquid surface, demonstrating its high surface tension and fluid dynamics.
	\| Chemical_formula = H<sub>2</sub>O		\| Chemical_formula = H<sub>2</sub>O
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	'''Water''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with the chemical formula '''H<sub>2</sub>O'''. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that constitutes the Earth's [[hydrosphere]] and the fluids of all known living [[organisms]]. It is vital for all known forms of [[life]], despite providing no food energy or organic nutrients.		'''Water''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with the chemical formula '''H<sub>2</sub>O'''. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that constitutes the Earth's [[hydrosphere]] and the fluids of all known living [[organisms]]. It is vital for all known forms of [[life]], despite providing no food energy or organic nutrients.

	Each molecule of water contains one [[oxygen]] and two [[hydrogen]] atoms connected by [[covalent bond]]s. At standard ambient temperature and pressure, water is a liquid, but it frequently co-exists on Earth with its solid state, [[ice]], and its gaseous state, [[water vapor]] (or steam).		Each molecule of water contains one [[oxygen]] and two [[hydrogen]] atoms connected by [[covalent bond]]s. At standard ambient temperature and pressure, water is a liquid, but it frequently co-exists on Earth with its solid state, [[ice]], and its gaseous state, [[water vapor]] (or steam).

	== Chemical and Physical Properties ==		== Chemical and Physical Properties ==

Template:Infobox chemical compound/doc

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:50:44 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox chemical compound''' template is used to provide a quick, structured overview of the technical and physical properties of a specific chemical element or compound. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox chemical compound | Name = | image = | image_caption = | Chemical_formula = | Molar_mass = | Melting_point = | Boiling_point = | Density = | Appearance = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The standard accepted name of the chemical (e...."

New page

== Usage ==
The '''Infobox chemical compound''' template is used to provide a quick, structured overview of the technical and physical properties of a specific chemical element or compound.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox chemical compound
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| Chemical_formula =
| Molar_mass =
| Melting_point =
| Boiling_point =
| Density =
| Appearance =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The standard accepted name of the chemical (e.g., Water, Methane, Sodium chloride).
* '''image''': The filename of the chemical structure or physical appearance without the "File:" prefix.
* '''image_caption''': A brief, descriptive caption.
* '''Chemical_formula''': The molecular formula (use <code><sub></code> tags for numbers, e.g., H<sub>2</sub>O).
* '''Molar_mass''': The molar mass in grams per mole (g/mol).
* '''Melting_point''': The temperature at which the solid state changes to liquid.
* '''Boiling_point''': The temperature at which the liquid state changes to gas.
* '''Density''': The mass per unit volume.
* '''Appearance''': A brief description of its physical state at room temperature (e.g., white powder, colorless gas).

<includeonly>
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Infobox chemical compound

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:50:28 GMT

Created page with "<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;"> {{#if: {{{Name|}}} | <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid #aaa;">{{{Name}}}</caption> }} {{#if: {{{image|}}} | <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">..."

New page

<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;">

{{#if: {{{Name|}}}
| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid #aaa;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
}}

{{#if: {{{image|}}}
| <tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
[[File:{{{image}}}|250px|center|alt={{{image_caption|}}}]]
{{#if: {{{image_caption|}}}
| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
}}
</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Chemical_formula|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 40%; vertical-align: top;">Chemical formula</th>
<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 60%;">{{{Chemical_formula}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Molar_mass|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Molar mass</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Molar_mass}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Melting_point|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Melting point</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Melting_point}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Boiling_point|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Boiling point</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Boiling_point}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Density|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Density</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Density}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

{{#if: {{{Appearance|}}}
| <tr>
<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Appearance</th>
<td class="infobox-data">{{{Appearance}}}</td>
</tr>
}}

</table><noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Water

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:49:54 GMT

Created page with "{{SHORTDESC:Chemical substance vital for all known forms of life}} {{Infobox chemical compound | Name = Water | image = Water drop 001.jpg | image_caption = A drop of water splashing onto a liquid surface, demonstrating its high surface tension and fluid dynamics. | Chemical_formula = H<sub>2</sub>O | Molar_mass = 18.01528(33) g/mol | Melting_point = 0 °C (32 °F; 273.15 K) | Boiling_point = 99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) | Density = 997 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (at 25 °..."

New page

{{SHORTDESC:Chemical substance vital for all known forms of life}}
{{Infobox chemical compound
| Name = Water
| image = Water drop 001.jpg
| image_caption = A drop of [[water]] splashing onto a liquid surface, demonstrating its high surface tension and fluid dynamics.
| Chemical_formula = H<sub>2</sub>O
| Molar_mass = 18.01528(33) g/mol
| Melting_point = 0 °C (32 °F; 273.15 K)
| Boiling_point = 99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K)
| Density = 997 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (at 25 °C)
| Appearance = Transparent, nearly colorless liquid with a slight blue tint
}}

'''Water''' is an [[inorganic compound]] with the chemical formula '''H<sub>2</sub>O'''. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that constitutes the Earth's [[hydrosphere]] and the fluids of all known living [[organisms]]. It is vital for all known forms of [[life]], despite providing no food energy or organic nutrients.

Each molecule of water contains one [[oxygen]] and two [[hydrogen]] atoms connected by [[covalent bond]]s. At standard ambient temperature and pressure, water is a liquid, but it frequently co-exists on Earth with its solid state, [[ice]], and its gaseous state, [[water vapor]] (or steam).

== Chemical and Physical Properties ==

The molecular structure of water gives it unique physical and chemical properties that strictly dictate the environmental and biological conditions of Earth.

=== Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding ===
Water is a polar molecule. The oxygen atom has a higher [[electronegativity]] than the hydrogen atoms, meaning it attracts the shared electrons more strongly. This creates a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms. Because of this polarity, water molecules attract each other, forming strong intermolecular connections known as [[hydrogen bond]]s.

These hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's unusually high boiling point, specific heat capacity, and high surface tension. The high specific heat capacity of water plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's [[climate]] by buffering large fluctuations in temperature.

=== The Universal Solvent ===
Water is frequently referred to as the "universal solvent" due to its ability to dissolve a wider range of substances than any other known liquid. Substances that dissolve well in water, such as [[salt]]s, sugars, and acids, are termed [[hydrophilic]] ("water-loving"), while those that do not mix well with water, like fats and oils, are termed [[hydrophobic]] ("water-fearing"). This solvency is crucial in biology, as it allows water to transport valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients throughout living organisms.

=== Density Anomaly ===
Unlike most substances, which become denser as they freeze, water reaches its maximum density at approximately 4 °C (39 °F). As water cools below this temperature and freezes into ice at 0 °C, its molecules arrange themselves into a rigid, open hexagonal crystal lattice, causing the volume to expand. Consequently, ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float. This anomaly prevents oceans and lakes from freezing solid from the bottom up, preserving aquatic life during colder epochs.

== The Hydrosphere and Water Cycle ==

Water covers approximately 71% of the [[Earth]]'s surface, making the planet a unique celestial body in the [[Solar System]]. The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion cubic kilometers.
* '''96.5%''' of the Earth's water is saline, found in [[ocean]]s and seas.
* '''1.7%''' is locked in [[groundwater]].
* '''1.7%''' is trapped in [[glacier]]s and the ice caps of [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]].
* '''Less than 0.3%''' is accessible surface [[freshwater]] found in lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere.

Water moves continually through the [[water cycle]] (hydrologic cycle), which involves [[evaporation]] from oceans and landmasses, [[transpiration]] from plants, [[condensation]] into clouds, and [[precipitation]] back to the surface.

== Biological Importance ==

From a biological perspective, water is the fundamental matrix of life. It acts as a solvent for biochemical reactions, a reactant in [[photosynthesis]], and a structural component maintaining cellular [[turgor pressure]]. Without water's ability to act as a medium for cellular metabolism, life as defined by modern science could not exist.

== Human Uses ==

Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is recognized as a fundamental human right. Human civilizations have historically flourished along river basins and coastlines. Globally, human water consumption is divided as follows:
* '''Agriculture (70%)''': Predominantly used for [[irrigation]] to sustain global food production.
* '''Industry (20%)''': Utilized as a solvent, a coolant in [[power station]]s, and in manufacturing processes.
* '''Domestic (10%)''': Used for drinking, sanitation, cooking, and hygiene.

== See Also ==
* [[Desalination]]
* [[Drinking water]]
* [[Hydrology]]
* [[Water pollution]]
* [[Water scarcity]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[id:Air]]

[[Category:Water| ]]
[[Category:Hydrogen compounds]]
[[Category:Oxygen compounds]]
[[Category:Solvents]]
[[Category:Liquids]]

Guitar

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:34:54 GMT

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 3 September 2026
Line 65:		Line 65:

	== References ==		== References ==

			[[id:Gitar]]

	[[Category:Guitars\| ]]		[[Category:Guitars\| ]]
	[[Category:Chordophones]]		[[Category:Chordophones]]
	[[Category:String instruments]]		[[Category:String instruments]]

File:Classical Guitar two views.jpg

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:34:25 GMT

Admin uploaded File:Classical Guitar two views.jpg

New page

== Licensing ==
{{Information/CC BY-SA 4.0 }}

Guitar

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:32:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:32, 3 September 2026
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	{{SHORTDESC:Fretted musical instrument usually with six strings}}		{{SHORTDESC:Fretted musical instrument usually with six strings}}
	{{Infobox musical instrument		{{Infobox musical instrument
	\| Name = Guitar		\| Name = Guitar

Template:Infobox musical instrument/doc

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:32:12 GMT

Created page with "== Usage == The '''Infobox musical instrument''' template is used to summarize key information about a musical instrument, including its classification and history. === Syntax === <pre> {{Infobox musical instrument | Name = | image = | image_caption = | Classification = | Hornbostel_Sachs = | Developed = | Playing_range = | Related_instruments = }} </pre> === Parameters === * '''Name''': The common name of the musical instrument (e.g., Guitar, Piano, Violin). *..."

New page

== Usage ==
The '''Infobox musical instrument''' template is used to summarize key information about a musical instrument, including its classification and history.

=== Syntax ===
<pre>
{{Infobox musical instrument
| Name =
| image =
| image_caption =
| Classification =
| Hornbostel_Sachs =
| Developed =
| Playing_range =
| Related_instruments =
}}
</pre>

=== Parameters ===
* '''Name''': The common name of the musical instrument (e.g., Guitar, Piano, Violin).
* '''image''': The filename of the image without the "File:" or "Image:" prefix.
* '''image_caption''': A brief, descriptive caption for the image.
* '''Classification''': The broad family the instrument belongs to (e.g., String instrument, Woodwind).
* '''Hornbostel_Sachs''': The numeric classification code based on the Hornbostel–Sachs system.
* '''Developed''': The era, century, or specific date when the instrument was created or popularized.
* '''Playing_range''': The span of notes the instrument is capable of producing.
* '''Related_instruments''': Other instruments in the same family or sharing historical lineage.

<includeonly>
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</includeonly>

Template:Infobox musical instrument

Admin — Thu, 03 Sep 2026 20:31:55 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:31, 3 September 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== ~~Usage~~ ==		<table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px;">
	~~The '''Infobox musical instrument''' template is used to summarize key information about a musical instrument, including its classification and history~~.
			{{#if: {{{Name\|}}}
			\| <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 5px; background-color: #dcb37b; color: black;">{{{Name}}}</caption>
			}}

			{{#if: {{{image\|}}}
			\| <tr>
			<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 10px;">
			[[File:{{{image}}}\|250px\|center\|alt={{{image_caption\|}}}]]
			{{#if: {{{image_caption\|}}}
			\| <div style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; padding-top: 5px;">{{{image_caption}}}</div>
			}}
			</td>
			</tr>
			}}

			{{#if: {{{Classification\|}}}
			\| <tr>
			<th class="infobox-label" style="width: 40%; vertical-align: top;">Classification</th>
			<td class="infobox-data" style="width: 60%;">{{{Classification}}}</td>
			</tr>
			}}

			{{#if: {{{Hornbostel_Sachs\|}}}
			\| <tr>
			<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">[[Hornbostel–Sachs]]</th>
			<td class="infobox-data">{{{Hornbostel_Sachs}}}</td>
			</tr>
			}}

	~~=== Syntax ===~~		{{#if: {{{Developed\|}}}
	~~<pre>~~		\| <tr>
	{{~~Infobox musical instrument~~		<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Developed</th>
	\| ~~Name =~~		<td class="infobox-data">{{{Developed}}}</td>
	\| ~~image =~~		</tr>
	~~\| image_caption~~ =
	~~\| Classification~~ =
	~~\| Hornbostel_Sachs~~ =
	\| Developed =
	~~\| Playing_range =~~
	~~\| Related_instruments =~~
	}}		}}
	~~</pre>~~

	==~~= Parameters ===~~		{{#if: {{{Playing_range\|}}}
	* '''Name''': The common name of the musical instrument (e.g., Guitar, Piano, Violin).		\| <tr>
	* '''image''': The filename of the image without the "~~File~~:" or "~~Image:~~" ~~prefix.~~		<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Playing range</th>
	* '''image_caption''': A brief, descriptive caption for the image.		<td class="infobox-data">{{{Playing_range}}}</td>
	* '''Classification''': The broad family the instrument belongs to (e.g., String instrument, Woodwind).		</tr>
	* '''Hornbostel_Sachs''': ~~The numeric classification code based on the Hornbostel–Sachs system.~~		}}
	* '''Developed''': The era, century, or specific date when the instrument was created or popularized.
	* '''Playing_range''': ~~The span of notes the instrument is capable of producing.~~		{{#if: {{{Related_instruments\|}}}
	* '''Related_instruments~~''': Other instruments in the same family or sharing historical lineage.~~		\| <tr>
			<th class="infobox-label" style="vertical-align: top;">Related instruments</th>
			<td class="infobox-data">{{{Related_instruments}}}</td>
			</tr>
			}}

	<~~includeonly~~>		</table><noinclude>
			{{Documentation}}
	[[Category:Infobox templates]]		[[Category:Infobox templates]]
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Template:Infobox musical instrument

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